It is improbable that accumulation of mannitol by R tropici CIAT 899 conferred it a higher halotolerance, as mannitol was also accumulated by the less salt-tolerant strains. Other salt-induced responses, as modifications in the pattern of extracellular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides might be involved [3]. Upon transposon mutagenesis, Nogales et al [27] identified eight gene loci required for adaptation of R tropici CIAT 899 to high salinity. These included genes involved in regulation of gene expression, genes related to synthesis, assembly, and maturation of proteins, and genes related with

cellular buildup and maintenance. To date, three different enzymatic pathways have been described for trehalose synthesis in rhizobia (OtsAB, TreS and TreYZ; buy PLX-4720 [40]). The most common two-step OtsAB pathway catalyzes the synthesis of trehalose from UDP-glucose and glucose 6-phosphate. Trehalose synthase (TreS) RGFP966 cell line catalyzes the reversible conversion of maltose and trehalose. Finally, the two-step TreYZ pathway acts in the production of trehalose from a linear maltodextrin (e.g., glycogen) [32]. In this work, we showed the presence of otsA within the genome of the four Rhizobium ARN-509 order analyzed strains, suggesting that trehalose synthesis in these strains occurs at least via OtsAB. Synthesis of trehalose from maltooligosaccharides

in R. tropici CIAT 899 was earlier reported [41], although TreY activity could not be detected [40]. Interestingly,

the phylogenetic position of OtsA from R. gallicum bv phaseoli 8a3 and R. etli 12a3 was not consistent with the 16S rDNA-based tree, suggesting the existence of lateral transfer events. Cisplatin Avonce et al. [32] also found inconsistencies in the topology of a proteobacterial OtsA-based tree, and suggested to be caused by either lateral gene transfer or differential loss of paralogs. Cyclic (1→2)-β-glucans have a role in hyposmotic adaptation of the legume symbiont rhizobiaceae [8]. In R. tropici CIAT 899 (and probably R. gallicum bv. phaseoli 8a3) cells grown at low salinity, the cyclic β-glucan was co-extracted with the cytoplasmic compatible solute pool, suggesting that high amounts of beta glucan were present in the periplasm.. As trehalose, cyclic (1→2)-β-glucans are synthesized from UDP-glucose [8]. We found that mannitol and galactose were substrates for both trehalose and the β-glucan of R. tropici CIAT 899. In contrast, mannose was a substrate for the β-glucan but not for trehalose.. From the above data, we conclude that R. tropici CIAT 899 can convert mannitol and galactose into UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate, the two trehalose precursors, but it cannot transform mannose into glucose-6-phosphate. In E. coli and other bacteria, galactose degradation pathway I (Leloir pathway) can yield both UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate [42]. Thus, a similar route might be operating in R. tropici CIAT 899.

e-print arXiv:cond-mat/0402130v1 1987, 58:1–25. 14. Bora A, Raychaudhuri AK: Evolution of 1/fα noise during electromigration stressing of metal film: spectral signature of electromigration process. J Appl Phys 2006, 99:113701/1–113701/7.CrossRef 15. Raychaudhuri AK: Measurement of 1/f noise and

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films. Nanotechnology 2008, 19:085706/1–085706/6. 20. Li S, Jiang Y, Wu Z, Wu J, Ying Z, Wang Z, Li W, Salamo G: Origins of check details 1/f noise in nanostructure selleck screening library inclusion polymorphous silicon films. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:281/1–281/6. 21. Rajan NK, Routenberg DA, Chen J, Reed MA: Temperature dependence of 1/f noise mechanisms in silicon nanowire biochemical field effect transistors. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97:243501/1–243501/3.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions KD synthesized the Si NWs and fabricated the single NW device by nanolithography. SS did all the electrical measurements and the low-frequency noise measurements. SS performed the treatment and calculations on the experimental data and prepared the manuscript initially. AKR gave sufficient ideas and concepts to the whole work. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.”
“Background The outstanding and novel physical properties determined in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire (NW) special shapes and structures are the reason for which nanoscale one-dimensional semiconductor materials have attracted much attention in recent years [1]. ZnO NWs are very promising as a consequence of their direct

bandgap of 3.37 eV (at room temperature) and an exciton binding energy, 60 meV, larger than their thermal energy at room temperature (RT) that enables the observation of excitonic emission at RT. Because of this, they can be used for a wide range of applications NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase such as ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting devices [2], nanogenerators [3], rectifying diodes [4], sensors [5], and electron emitters [6]. Many techniques offer the possibility to obtain ZnO NWs, such as metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, vapor phase epitaxy, direct carbo-thermal growth, and pulsed laser deposition [7, 8]. However, all these techniques require low pressures and high operating temperatures (800°C to 1,400°C). Recently, the hydrothermal synthesis route has been successfully applied to the growth of ZnO nanostructures at lower temperature [9–12].