Methods: The tissue distribution and brain uptake as well as the metabolic profile of [I-123]-FMIP in wild-type

and mdr1a (-/-) mice after pretreatment with physiological saline or cyclosporin A (CsA) (50 mg/kg) was investigated. The influence of increasing doses CsA on brain uptake of [I-123]-FMIP was explored. mu SPECT images of mice brain after injection of 11.1 MBq [I-123]-FMIP were obtained for different treatment strategies thereby using the Milabs U-SPECT-II.

Results: Modulation of P-gp with CsA (50 mg/kg) as well as mdr1a gene depletion resulted in significant increase in cerebral uptake of [I-123]-FMIP with only minor effect on blood activity. [I-123]-FMIP is relative https://www.selleckchem.com/products/acalabrutinib.html stable in vivo with >80% intact [I-123]-FMIP in brain at 60 min p.i. in the different treatment regiments. A dose-dependent sigmoidal increase in brain uptake of [I-123]-FMIP with increasing doses of CsA was observed. In vivo region of interest-based SPECT measurements correlated well with the observations of the biodistribution studies.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that [I-123]-FMIP can be applied to assess the efficacy of newly developed P-gp modulators. It is also suggested

that [I-123]-FMIP is a promising SPECT tracer for imaging P-gp at the blood-brain barrier. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“The renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) has an Lazertinib ic50 Diflunisal essential role in maintaining systemic magnesium (Mg2+) concentration. The DCT is the final determinant of plasma Mg2+ levels, as the more distal nephron segments are largely impermeable to Mg2+. In the past decade, positional candidate strategies in families with inherited forms of hypomagnesemia have led to the identification of genes involved in Mg2+ handling. A large fraction of this resides in the DCT, namely, (i) the transient receptor potential channel melastatin subtype 6 (TRPM6), a divalent cation-permeable channel located at the luminal membrane of the DCT, facilitates Mg2+ entry from the pro-urine into the cell; (ii) the epidermal

growth factor is a novel hormone regulating active Mg2+ transport through TRPM6; (iii) the voltage-gated K+ channel, Kv1.1, establishes a favorable luminal membrane potential for TRPM6-mediated Mg2+ transport; (iv) the Na+/K+-ATPase gamma-subunit (gamma-Na+/K+-ATPase) was identified as mutated protein in a family with isolated dominant hypomagnesemia. The molecular mechanism by which gamma-Na+/K+-ATPase is involved in DCT Mg2+ handling remains unknown; (v) a high percentage of patients with mutations in the renal transcription factor HNF1B (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B) gene develop hypomagnesemia; and (vi) Gitelman and EAST/SeSAME syndrome patients suffer from a similar tubulopathy due to mutations in NCC (NaCl cotransporter) and Kir4.1, respectively.

The use of zebrafish in toxicity research can ultimately

learn more lead to the refinement or reduction of animal use. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Arterial bypass graft implantation remains the primary therapy for patients with advanced cardiovascular disease; however, there is no available synthetic small-diameter vascular graft.

Methods: Tissue-engineered vessels were grown from human smooth muscle cells that were seeded on a biodegradable scaffold using a biomimetic perfusion system. The human tissue-engineered vessels (hTEV) were decellularized by a two-step process using a combination of detergents and hypertonic solutions. The mechanical characteristics were assessed by suture retention strength and burst pressure. The decellularized hTEV were implanted as aortic interpositional grafts in nude rats to evaluate in vivo performance as an arterial graft over a 6-week period.

Results: The human tissue-engineered structure formed a vessel composed of smooth muscle cells and the extracellular

matrix proteins, including collagen. After decellularization, the collagen matrix remained intact while the cellular components were removed. The mechanical strength of the hTEV after decellularization click here was similar to human vein in vitro, with a burst pressure of 1,567 +/- 384mmHg (n = 3) versus 1,680 +/- 307mmHg for human saphenous vein. The hTEVs had a high patency rate (four of five grafts) without evidence of rupture or aneurysm over a 6-week period as an aortic interpositional graft in

a nude rat model. Histologic analysis showed a thin neointima with a confluent endothelium and a subendothelial layer of smooth muscle cells on the explanted tissue-engineered vessels. Transmission electron microscopy on the explanted tissue demonstrated elastin formation in the neointima and intact residual collagen fibers from the tissue-engineered vessel.

Conclusions: The hTEV had a high patency rate and remained mechanically stable as an aortic interpositional graft in a Palbociclib purchase nude rat. The vessel supported the growth of a neointima with endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. The host remodeling suggested the engineered matrix had a positive effect to create a regenerated vascular graft. (J Vasc Surg 2012; 55: 790-8.)

Clinical Relevance: The demand for alternative arterial conduits is due to the poor clinical efficacy of existing synthetic grafts for small-diameter artery applications, with many patients lacking adequate saphenous vein. We showed that a vessel culture system could produce a human vascular graft that could function as an arterial conduit in a small-diameter animal model. The decellularization process for the human tissue-engineered vessels expands the clinical potential by generating an allogeneic graft that is readily available for implantation.

Overall, the human infections of avian origin have acquired no more than a few human specific markers, which suggests that avian strains are not rapidly Osimertinib in vitro acquiring human persistent Mdivi1 datasheet markers through genetic drift. The high mortality rate markers are ubiquitous in the avian background and are distinct from the vast majority of human infections. While the host type markers clearly separate avian and human strains, there are a number of cases where descendants of the 1957 and 1968 pandemics continued to retain all of the predicted high mortality rate markers. Finding that classification accuracy for high mortality rate

strains is lower than the host type classification weakens support for the notion of a single essential common set of high mortality rate markers. The reduced classification accuracy comes primarily from the fact that the H2N2 sequences continue

to maintain the 18 markers into the 1960s, well past the associated pandemic. Thus, these 18 markers do not clearly distinguish between pandemic and non-pandemic associated H2N2 strains. Instead the results support the selleck products hypothesis that additional factors play an important role in determining the mortality rates of a specific strain. This highlights the potential importance to pandemic potential of host immunity and antigenic novelty. Even in the case of host type markers where classification accuracy is very high, markers could be missed. For example, the HA and NA genes play a critical role in host specific infection, but this study focused specifically on the persistent markers, and host specificity markers were found only on the more heavily conserved internal proteins. Additional Meloxicam potentially important host type markers that are not persistent should still exist. It is worth noting that 5 of the 18 high mortality rate markers lie on the NA or PB1 segments implying that they were independently introduced into the three respective pandemic outbreaks [7]. Aside from the 18 high mortality rate markers persisting in H2N2 strains past the 1957 pandemic time frame, the markers give an overall high degree of classification

accuracy and, therefore, a potentially useful common, although not sufficient, set of associated genetic factors. Among the high mortality rate strains not associated with a pandemic, only the 1976 H1N1 isolate lacks all 18 markers (4 are not present). Because the 1976 sample is a small contributor to the total number of high mortality rate features, it does not significantly contribute to the classification model. Substituting a single alternate 1976 swine strain for example, would have limited impact on the markers chosen unless more strains were added or a single strain was given the same weight as the pandemic strains in which perfect conservation is required. In this case mixing low mortality rate strains into the high mortality rate class would substantially alter the reported set of persistent markers.

For advanced limb STSs with large tumor mass, distinct local infiltration or post-surgical relapse, chemotherapy or radiotherapy

combined with surgery is often the first choice [5–7]. Apart from reducing tumor volume, chemotherapy before surgery can also produce a reaction zone between the tumor and peripheral tissues, which serves as an operational tissue space for surgery. However, it remains unclear whether comprehensive treatment schemes using novel chemotherapy regimens could improve the treatment results and prognoses for advanced limb STS [8]. In the present study, we compared pre-operative chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and dacarbazine to the traditional pre-operative VAC treatment, with the hopes of determining it’s safety and to assess whether this regimen imparts a greater advantage, in terms of reducing the tumor margin and MLN2238 manufacturer Cyclopamine increasing progression free survival. Patients and Methods Inclusion Criteria ① Between 14 years and 70 years of age. ② Female patients that were pregnant or lactating were excluded. ③ No history of chronic primary organ disease, heart failure or other major organ malfunction. ④ The sarcoma originated in limb soft tissue. ⑤ Belong to G1-3T3N0M0 or G1-3T1-3N0-1M1, that is, stage IV according to the Russell GTNM staging system. ⑥ No prior chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Patients Between November 2005 and November 2008, the Department of Surgical Oncology of

Zhejiang Provincial Hospital in China received and treated 31 patients with stage IV limb STS. 15 of these were randomly assigned to the experimental group, and the remaining 16 were assigned to the control group. Patients aged between 18 and 66, with a median age of 41 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group (t = -0.858, p > 0.05). The average tumor size for each group was determined to be in the T3 range (for infiltrating the peripheral vessel, nerve or skeleton). The mean tumor size was 8.4 ± 2.8 cm in the experimental group, and 7.2 ± 1.8 cm (t = 1.453, p > 0.05). In the experimental group, two patients

were diagnosed with regional lymph node metastasis, 2 with Pazopanib nmr lung metastasis. In the control group, 3 patients were diagnosed with regional lymph node metastasis, and 1 with lung metastasis in the control group, the difference in the prevalence of metastases was not significant (χ2 = 0.011, p > 0.05). Table 1 shows the clinical characteristics of patients recruited for the study. Table 1 Clinical Characteristics of Patients     Experimental group (cases) Control group (cases) Tumor location upper arm 3 3   Thigh 7 11   lower leg 5 2 Pathological phenotypes malignant fibrous Selleck 3-deazaneplanocin A histiocytoma 8 6   rhabdomyosarcoma 3 3   synovial sarcoma 0 4   malignant nerve sheath tumor 1 1   clear cell sarcoma 2 0   unclassifiable 1 2 Cytological grading G2 0 1   G3 15 15 The study was conducted according to Good Clinical Practices and was approved by the local ethics committee. All patients gave written informed consent.

The species’ seed bank in the vicinity of Arctowski is linked spatially with the extant population, as in other environments

(Wódkiewicz and Kwiatkowska-Falińska 2010). The microspatial structure of the soil seed bank in the Antarctic is highly associated with the presence of tussocks. Over 80 % of seeds extracted from soil were viable and readily germinated under optimal conditions. A large number of seedlings germinating from soil samples selleck products indicates that they are able to survive the Antarctic winter. Ubiquitin inhibitor A still open question remains if the tussocks present a safe site for the accumulation of seeds transported by wind. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Ministry of Scientific Research and Higher Education grant 2013/09/B/NZ8/03293. The authors would like to thank Ms Anna Gasek for providing assistance with the field work. Open AccessThis article is distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Mdm2 antagonist which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References Arroyo MTK, Cavieres LA, Castor C, Humaña AM (1999) Persistent soil seed bank and standing vegetation at a high alpine site in the central Chilean Andes. Oecol 119:126–132CrossRef Baskin CC, Baskin JM (2001) Seeds ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. Academic Press, San Diego Bullock JM, Moy IL (2004) Plants as seed traps: inter-specific interference Cell press with dispersal. Acta Oecol 25:35–41CrossRef Chambers JC (1993) Seed and vegetation dynamics in an alpine herb field: effects of disturbance type. Can J Bot 71:471–485CrossRef Chambers JC, MacMahon JA, Haefner JH (1991) Seed entrapment in alpine ecosystems: effects of soil particle size and diaspore morphology. Ecol 72:1668–1677CrossRef Chwedorzewska KJ, Bednarek PT (2012) Genetic and epigenetic variation in a cosmopolitan grass (Poa annua L.) from Antarctic and Polish populations. Pol Polar Res 33:63–80 Gibeault VA (1971)

Perenniality of Poa annua L. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Grime JP, Hodgson JG, Hunt R (1986) Comparative plant ecology: a functional approach to common British species. Unwin Hyman, London Hulme PE (1998) Post-dispersal seed predation and seed bank persistence. Seed Sci Res 8:513–519CrossRef Jumpponen A, Vare H, Mattson KG, Ohtonen R, Trappe JM (1999) Characterization of ‘safe sites’ for pioneers in primary succession on recently deglaciated terrain. J Ecol 87:98–105CrossRef Kejna M, Araźny A, Sobota I (2013) Climatic change on King George Island in the years 1948–2011. Pol Polar Res 34:213–235 Komárkowá V, Poncet S, Poncet J (1985) Two native Antarctic vascular plants, Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis: a new southernmost locality and other localities in the Antarctic Peninsula area.

73 ± 0.07 1.78 ± 0.06 0.03 1.74 ± 0.06 1.77 ± 0.08 0.18 Body mass (kg) 74.89 ± 14.50 79.83 ± 12.03 0.28 79.39 ± 13.39 76.12 ± 13.45 0.48 Lean mass (kg) 56.42 ± 8.41 61.47 ± 7.72 0.07 57.37 ± 8.30 60.11 ± 8.39 0.34 BMI (kg/m2) 24.79 ± 3.99 AR-13324 clinical trial 25.03 ± 3.03 0.84 26.15 ± 3.77 24.09 ± 3.09 0.09 Waist circumference 82.21 ± 9.06 83.06 ± 7.72 0.77 85.32 ± 9.18 80.86 ± 7.31 0.12 Physical activity             EE

doing moderate to vigorous PA (kcal) 744.62 ± 410.72 988.04 ± 412.21 0.09 477.91 ± 179.90 1131.08 ± 324.14 0.09 VO2 max (ml of O2) 50.84 ± 8.30 53.26 ± 6.41 0.37 47.38 ± 7.94 54.93 ± 5.48 0.01 Dietary             Calcium (mg) 757.91 1458.57   1008.20 ± 555.12 1191.62 ± 399.24 0.26 Calcium/energy (mg/kcal) 0.32 ± 0.09 0.50 ± 0.12 < 0.001 0.40 ± 0.19 0.42 ± 0.10 0.64 Calcium/phosphorus 0.49 ± 0.12 0.68 ± 0.10 < 0.001 0.57 ± 0.17 0.61 ± 0.13 0.52 Calcium/lean

mass (mg/kg) 0.0135 ± 0.0035 0.0241 ± 0.0070 < 0.001 0.0177 ± 0.0099 0.02 ± 0.01 0.48 Protein (%) 16.92 ± 4.74 16.68 ± 2.52 0.85 17.26 ± 5.04 16.49 ± 2.58 0.61 Fat (%) 32.36 ± 5.79 32.17 ± 4.85 0.92 32.86 ± 6.46 31.86 ± 4.38 0.59 Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; EE, energy expenditure. 1 T test. Table  2 contains mean values of whole body and regional BMC and BMD according to participants’ calcium Selleck BMS202 Selleckchem Temozolomide intake and energy expenditure engaged in moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA. Participants Tau-protein kinase who consumed more than 1000 mg/d of calcium had higher levels of whole body BMC, height-adjusted whole body BMC, BMI-adjusted whole body BMC, trunk BMC, lumbar L1-L4 BMC, BMI-adjusted lumbar L1-L4 BMC, lumbar L2-L4 BMC and BMI-adjusted lumbar L2-L4 BMC than participants who consumed less than 1000 mg/d of calcium. Participants who expended greater energy had higher levels of body mass adjusted whole body BMC, BMI-adjusted whole body BMC, trunk BMC, body mass adjusted lumbar L1-L4 BMC, BMI-adjusted lumbar L1-L4 BMC, body mass adjusted

lumbar L2-L4 BMC and BMI-adjusted lumbar L2-L4 BMC than participants who expended less energy (Table  2). Table 2 Mean values ± SD of body composition parameters in young men having low and high intake of calcium and expending low and high percentage of daily energy engaged in moderate- to vigorous intensity physical activity (PA)   Low calcium intake High calcium intake P values1 Low PA High PA P values1 BMC (g)             Whole body 3191.26 ± 555.27 3611.15 ± 486.94 0.02 3263.56 ± 473.83 3502.97 ± 596.04 0.21 Whole body/height 1833.41 ± 267.85 2021.94 ± 239.81 0.04 1872.64 ± 242.08 1968.86 ± 282.55 0.30 Whole body/body mass 42.97 ± 4.61 45.44 ± 3.23 0.07 41.41 ± 3.73 46.13 ± 3.18 <0.001 Whole body/BMI 129.67 ± 12.82 144.57 ± 19.10 0.01 125.39 ± 12.25 145.30 ± 16.26 <0.001 Arms 434.18 ± 85.41 470.52 ± 93.25 0.24 436.66 ± 80.28 463.67 ± 96.48 0.39 Legs 1269.27 ± 251.31 1335.26 ± 232.11 0.43 1266.

Individual colonies were replica plated to HMM plates supplemented https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html with 200 μg/mL hygromycin. The loss of the hph gene was verified by PCR using hph specific primers in clones unable to grow in the presence of

hygromycin. One such clone was selected and cured of the presence of the pSK-Tel-Kan-Blast-Cre plasmid by repeat passage in media in the absence of blasticidin selection. Loss of the plasmid was demonstrated phenotypically by the development of blasticidin S sensitivity and verified by the failure to amplify the bsd gene sequence. This clone was designated H. capsulatum UC 26. ALT8, ALT13, ALT15, ALT16 The ALT strains were generated by Agro bacterium-mediated transformation of T-DNA from the vector pCB301-GFP-HYG into the G217B strain as previously described [21, 23, 24]. The site of integration of each strain was identified by TAIL-PCR as previously described, and verified to each be unique and distinct from that of UC1 [40]. ALT-Cre1, ALT-Cre2 The ALT-Cre strains was generated by excision of the A. nidulans gpd promoter-E. coli hph-A. nidulans trpC terminator sequence fragment from ALT-16 by Cre-mediated recombination as described above. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html UC1-HMK1-RNAi An Agrobacterium binary vector for RNAi mediated silencing pCB301-Blast-186 was generated by the fusion of the

A. nidulans gpd promoter-bsd gene-A. nidulans trpC terminator cassette described above with an EcoRI- BspDI fragment liberated from pCR186 (obtained from Drs. William Goldman and Chad Rappleye) containing the H. capsulatum FRAX597 cell line H2B promoter sequences driving expression of a chimeric hairpin RNAi construct

containing a Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK portion of the GFP gene and a gene of interest flanked by the H. capsulatum catB terminator sequence. T-DNA from the vector pCB301-Blast-186 was transformed into UC1 as described previously [23, 24]. For the control strain, the hairpin construct contained sequence only for GFP. G217B-Blast1, G217B-Blast4, UH3-Blast The Blast strains were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of T-DNA from the vector pCB301-Blast-186 described above, into G217B or UH3, as described previously [23, 24]. G217B-Mat1* and G217B-Bem1* To facilitate the express of recombinant proteins in H. capsulatum, the H2B promoter was amplified generating a ApaI-H2B-AscI fragment which was ligated to a synthetic oligonucleotide comprising an AscI site, an irrelevant stuffer sequence, a SbfI site and sequence encoding the cMyc epitope and in-frame stop codon. This was ligated to the H. capsulatum catB terminator sequence amplified with a downstream XbaI site. The fused fragment was ligated into the polylinker sequence of pSK-Tel-Kan-Hyg between the ApaI and SpeI sites to generate the overexpression vector pSK-Tel-Kan-Hyg-H2B-cMyc-catBterm.

Infect Immun 2002,70(10):5730–5739.PubMedCrossRef 36. Molloy EM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Mitchell DA, Ross RP: Streptolysin S-like virulence factors: the continuing sagA. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011,9(9):670–681.PubMedCrossRef 37. Koh TH, Sng LH, Yuen SM, Thomas CK, Tan PL, Tan SH, Wong NS: Streptococcal cellulitis following preparation BYL719 mouse of fresh raw seafood. Zoonoses Public Health 2009,56(4):206–208.PubMedCrossRef 38. Sun JR, Yan JC, Yeh CY, Lee SY,

Lu JJ: Invasive infection with Streptococcus iniae in Taiwan. J Med Microbiol 2007,56(Pt 9):1246–1249.PubMedCrossRef 39. Facklam R, Elliott J, Shewmaker L, Reingold A: Identification and characterization of sporadic isolates of Streptococcus iniae isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 2005,43(2):933–937.PubMedCrossRef 40. Bekal S, Gaudreau C, Laurence RA, Simoneau E, Raynal L: Streptococcus pseudoporcinus sp. nov., a novel species isolated from the genitourinary tract of women. J Clin Microbiol 2006,44(7):2584–2586.PubMedCrossRef 41. Weinstein MR, Litt M, Kertesz DA, Wyper P, Rose D, Coulter M, McGeer A, Facklam R, Ostach C, Willey BM, et al.: Invasive infections due to a fish pathogen, Streptococcus iniae. S. iniae Study Group.

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These images were then used to Temozolomide solubility dmso determine percentage viability and biofilm coverage using pixel counting with the aid of Adobe Photoshop. Three random representative images were taken from each block used for FISH and Live/Dead staining. The 3D images were created from 1 μm z-stacks slices of varying heights (depending on the height of the biofilm) and were constructed using Zeiss 3D imaging software. SEM analysis During co-culture experiments blocks (2 mm wide) were

removed from the reactors at 72 and 144 hour time points and fixed immediately for SEM analysis. SEM fixation involves the use Vadimezan datasheet of 3 solutions. Solution 1 contains 0.043 g lysine (L-lysine free base Sigma L-5501) dissolved in 2 ml of 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. Solution 2 contains 0.4 ml 25% glutaraldehyde, 1.0 ml 0.2 M cacodylate buffer and 0.6 ml distilled water. Solutions 1 and 2 were mixed together thoroughly immediately before use. Samples were left in this for 10 minutes then transferred to solution 3 which is 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer for further sample processing as described in Jacques & Graham [47]. Samples for SEM Caspase Inhibitor VI molecular weight were visualized using JEOL JSM- 6400F microscope (10 kV, 3000 V) and EIKO IB-5 sputter coater using

platinum. COMSTAT analysis of biofilms Z-stacks generated using the CLSM were further analysed using COMSTAT to determine roughness coefficient and mean biofilm thickness. Through COMSTAT a fixed threshold was applied to the images to provide Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II a 0 or 1 value to image pixels. One represents areas containing biomass while 0 is considered as background [48]. The thickness function is the maximum thickness over a given location which does not take into account any pores or voids within the biofilm. The thickness distribution is then used to calculate the biofilm roughness and mean biofilm thickness. Roughness coefficient provides an indication of how the thickness of the biofilm varies and also provides an indication of biofilm heterogeneity [48]. Acknowledgements This study was supported by the Australian Research Council (grants

DP0879245) and The University of Queensland Early Career Researcher Scheme (UQ2006001877). SR is also supported by the Queensland Government (Smart State Award funding), The University of Queensland (Confirmation Scholarship). P. aeruginosa PAO1, S. oneidensis MR-1 and E. faecium were kindly provided by Dr Scott Rice, Dr Kenneth H Nealson and Dr Jeanette Pham respectively. The useful comments of Rene Rozendal, Thomas Seviour, Dr Stephen Myers and Jeremy Barr are highly appreciated. Acknowledgement also to Dr Keshab Sharma for technical assistance with MATLAB and COMSTAT. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: CLSM top view cropped image of S. oneidensis biofilm (Figure 2) (63×) providing a close-up of the nonviable cells using Live/Dead (Baclight) stain. Additional File 1 is a more detailed confocal image of the S. oneidensis biofilm.

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Salman S, Pendem S, Farmer C. Sepsis during pregnancy. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(suppl):S286–93.PubMedCrossRef VX-680 manufacturer 20. SB431542 in vitro Robinson DP, Klein SL. Pregnancy and pregnancy-associated hormones alter immune responses and disease pathogenesis. Horm Behav. 2012;62:263–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 21. Loudon I. Death in childbirth: an international study of maternal care and maternal mortality 1800–1950. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1993. 22. Dolea C, Stein C. Global burden of maternal sepsis in the year 2000. Evidence and Information for Policy, World Health Organization, Geneva, July 2003. Available from: http://​www.​who.​int/​healthinfo/​statistics/​bod_​maternalsepsis.​pdf. Accessed May

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Maternal sepsis: epidemiology, etiology and outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:249–54.PubMedCrossRef 27. Mabie WC, Barton JR, Sibai B. Septic shock in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:553–61.PubMedCrossRef 28. Waterstone W, Bewley S, Wolfe C. Incidence and predictors of severe obstetric morbidity: case-control study. BMJ. 2001;322:1089–94.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 29. Acosta CD, Bhattacharya S, Tuffnell D, et al. Maternal sepsis: a Scottish population-based case-control study. BJOG. 2012;199:474–83.CrossRef 30. Kramer HMC, Schuttle JM, Zwart JJ, et al. Maternal mortality and severe morbidity from sepsis in the Netherlands. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88:647–53.PubMedCrossRef 31. Afessa B, Green B, Delke I, Koch K. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, organ failure, and outcome in critically ill obstetric patients treated in an ICU. Chest. 2001;120:1271–7.PubMedCrossRef 32. Acosta CD, Knight M, Lee HC, Kurinczuk JJ, Gould JB, Lyndon A. The continuum of maternal sepsis severity: incidence and risk factors in a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e67175.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 33. Bauer ME, Bateman BT, Bauer ST, Shanks AM, Mhyre JM.